Final answer:
It's false that the first physiological experiments occurred in the mid-100s; significant physiological research began in the 1500s. Experiments allow cause-and-effect claims but are not without problems, including ethical issues and sample size considerations. Theories do not become laws simply due to their age.
Step-by-step explanation:
It is false that the first physiological experiments occurred in the mid-100s. Significant development of physiological methods and experiments began much later, in the 16th century and beyond. For instance, notable figures like Andreas Vesalius conducted careful dissections and studies of human anatomy in the 1500s, which was much earlier than mid-100s and helped lay foundations for future physiological experiments.
While experiments do allow scientists to make cause-and-effect claims, they indeed are not without problems. This includes ethical considerations, especially when it pertains to experiments on humans, which have not always adhered to ethical standards, as well as issues related to sample size and representativeness. In many cases, larger sample sizes are generally considered better because they tend to produce more statistically significant and generalizable results. However, it must be noted that experiments on humans have been conducted; what varies is the ethical framework and consent involved in such studies.
The colonizationist scheme of the early 1800s was not universally popular among black abolitionists, and when a theory has been known for a long time, it does not necessarily become a law. Theories and laws serve different roles in the scientific enterprise; theories explain phenomena while laws describe them, and a theory's longevity does not automatically elevate it to a law.