Final answer:
G-proteins are responsible for transmitting signals from hormone receptors to activate adenylyl cyclase, which converts ATP to cAMP.
Step-by-step explanation:
The molecules that pass information from the polar regulatory molecule receptor to activate the enzymes that produce cyclic AMP (cAMP) are B. G-proteins. When a hormone binds to its membrane receptor, the associated G-protein is activated.
This involves the exchange of guanosine diphosphate (GDP) for guanosine triphosphate (GTP). The activated G-protein then interacts with and activates adenylyl cyclase, the enzyme responsible for converting ATP to cAMP. The cAMP generated acts as a second messenger to activate protein kinases, leading to the phosphorylation of substrate molecules and subsequent changes in cellular processes.