Final answer:
The b) Orbitofrontal cortex is often affected in traumatic brain injury (TBI), and is part of the prefrontal cortex responsible for executive functions and personality aspects. The case of Phineas Gage is an example of how an injury to this region can alter personality.
Step-by-step explanation:
When it comes to traumatic brain injury (TBI) affecting the prefrontal cortex, the orbitofrontal cortex is often implicated. The prefrontal cortex, located in the anterior part of the frontal lobes, is responsible for executive functions and personality aspects. It includes areas such as the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, and anterior cingulate cortex. The famous case of Phineas Gage highlighted the consequences of injury to the prefrontal cortex, specifically the influence on personality through changes in motor responses in decision-making. The orbitofrontal cortex is particularly vulnerable in TBIs due to its location and the likelihood of impact during head injuries.