Final answer:
IQ tests can exhibit bias by testing cultural knowledge and disadvantaging individuals with learning disabilities or from less affluent backgrounds. They also have been historically discriminatory against minority groups. Continuous research efforts are being made to evolve these tests for greater fairness and accuracy.
Step-by-step explanation:
Conflict theorists argue that IQ tests exhibit bias because they may test cultural knowledge rather than innate intelligence. This is based on the premise that some test items assume knowledge primarily held by those from more affluent backgrounds, thereby putting others at a disadvantage due to unequal exposure to certain content (e.g., orchestral music). Additionally, these tests can be considered biased againt individuals with learning disabilities who might possess different strengths not captured by traditional IQ tests. It has also been identified that standardized intelligence tests have, historically, had a discriminatory impact on various minority groups and challenged in notable court cases like Larry P. v. Riles.
Learning disabilities, which are different from intellectual disabilities, are specific impairments that can significantly impact a person's educational experience. For example, dyslexia can make reading and processing text challenging, while dysgraphia affects writing abilities. These disabilities underscore the limitations of standardized tests and the necessity for a more inclusive and equitable approach to intelligence assessment. Researchers are continuously striving to evolve tests to be more equitable and reflective of individual capabilities.