Final answer:
a) Closed-loop communication is exemplified by a team leader ordering epinephrine and a team member acknowledging the order, ensuring the message was received and understood correctly, an essential part of effective resuscitation team dynamics.
Step-by-step explanation:
When a team leader orders 1 mg of epinephrine and a team member verbally acknowledges the medication as it is administered, this represents closed-loop communication. Closed-loop communication is critical in healthcare settings, especially during emergency situations such as resuscitation, to ensure accurate and clear exchanges of information. It involves an order or message being given, the recipient repeating or acknowledging receipt of the message, and the original sender confirming that the message was received and understood correctly.
In contrast, group leadership where the communication pattern flows from the top down is known as authoritarian leadership. For counteracting the effects of anaphylactic shock, the drug epinephrine is used. This type of medication is fast-acting and can quickly improve breathing, stimulate the heart, raise a dropping blood pressure, reverse hives, and reduce swelling of the face, lips, and throat.