Final answer:
Calcium oxalate stones are commonly caused by the ingestion of ethylene glycol (antifreeze), leading to rectangular or envelope-shaped crystals in urine due to the crystallization of calcium oxalate.
Step-by-step explanation:
The substance ingestion that leads to the formation of rectangular or envelope-shaped crystals in urine is associated with calcium oxalate stone formation. These stones typically represent the most common type of kidney stone, often related to the consumption of substances such as ethylene glycol, commonly found in antifreeze. Calcium oxalate stones can form when the dietary intake of calcium is low, allowing for greater absorption and urinary excretion of oxalate, which strongly promotes calcium oxalate precipitation in the urine. This condition is exacerbated by ethylene glycol ingestion, which leads to the accumulation of glycolic acid in the body, and is mainly responsible for toxicity and the formation of the characteristic crystals within the kidneys, potentially leading to acute kidney failure.
Other types of kidney stones include calcium phosphate stones which form under conditions like hyperparathyroidism and renal tubular acidosis, and are not typically associated with the same crystal shapes. Cystine stones are related to cystinuria, and struvite stones (ammonium magnesium phosphate) are often associated with urinary tract infections.