Final answer:
An increase in cost is not an acceptable reason for excluding women, minorities, and their subpopulations in clinical research. Studies have shown that if they were fully able to participate, the GDP could be as much as 4.4% higher. Coercion in obtaining informed consent is a violation of autonomy.
Step-by-step explanation:
An increase in cost is not an acceptable reason for excluding women, minorities, and their subpopulations in clinical research. Barriers to equitable participation in the labor market can lead to negative economic outcomes. Studies have shown that if women and minority populations were fully able to participate in science and technology innovation, the GDP could be as much as 4.4% higher. Furthermore, historically marginalized communities and vulnerable populations have been susceptible to exploitation in trials and research involving human subjects, and coercion in obtaining informed consent is a violation of autonomy.