Final answer:
Organizations are governed by policies that regulate various aspects of work life, including hiring and medical leave. Bureaucracies have explicit rules that structure operations and help regulate behavior within organizations.
Step-by-step explanation:
Organizations have certain policies governing aspects of work life such as hiring, promotion, benefits, grievances, and medical leave. The correct answer to fill in the blank is d. policies. These are sets of principles or rules that help guide managers and employees in making day-to-day decisions at work.
Bureaucracies, a type of formal organization, are known for having an established hierarchy of authority, a clear division of labor, and explicit rules. They provide a framework that structures the operations of an organization. In this sense, a college Student Handbook or a company's HR policies are examples of where such rules can be found.
These rules, much like cultural sanctions, function to regulate behavior within organizations and societies. They are crucial for maintaining order and consistency and for ensuring that everyone in the organization understands the expectations and procedures that apply to their roles.