Final answer:
Policies in the law-making cycle arise from the introduction and consideration of bills, which are part of a broader cycle that includes identifying problems, policy enactment, implementation, and evaluation. The correct answer to the question is D. All of the above.
Step-by-step explanation:
Policies arise in the law-making cycle primarily through the introduction of a bill. This is part of a broader, multi-stage public policy process that includes agenda setting, policy enactment (where a bill is officially introduced and considered), policy implementation, and evaluation of policy effectiveness. Therefore, the correct answer is D. All of the above.
During the agenda setting stage, problems are identified and the decision is made to pursue a solution. The enactment phase is where specific proposals are debated and either passed or rejected, often with significant media attention. Once enacted, policies must be implemented by the appropriate government agencies, either via top-down or bottom-up methods. Finally, policies are evaluated to measure their effectiveness and to inform any necessary adjustments.
Public opinion plays a role throughout this process as elected officials strive to understand the desires of their constituents, who may express their opinions directly, through advocacy groups, or via the media. Proposals for new policies can originate from many sources including constituents, the media, advocacy groups, the executive branch, or the legislators themselves.