Final answer:
d) Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) is the concept that embodies a total system approach to creating efficient operations through the integration of all business functions.
Step-by-step explanation:
The concept that takes a total system approach to creating efficient operations is d) enterprise resource planning (ERP). ERP integrates all facets of an operation, including development, manufacturing, sales, and marketing. The system's purpose is to facilitate the flow of information between all business functions inside the organization and manage connections to outside stakeholders. ERP systems automate this activity with an integrated software application, ensuring that the information used across the enterprise is normalized and based on common definitions and user experiences.
Lean systems, another important concept, concentrate on minimizing waste and increasing efficiency, but they do not encompass the full breadth of enterprise resources and functions like ERP does. Therefore, while both ERP and lean systems focus on efficiency, ERP is distinctive in its holistic integration of all business processes.