Final answer:
The first line of defence against HPV infection is vaccination, particularly with the vaccines known as Gardasil and Cervarix. These vaccines are most effective when given prior to sexual activity and are recommended for both sexes. Vaccination, along with safe sexual practices and regular screening, such as Pap tests, helps prevent HPV infection and associated cancers.
Step-by-step explanation:
The first line of defence against HPV infection is vaccination. The HPV vaccine, which was first approved in 2006, is highly effective in preventing the infection from certain high-risk strains of HPV known to cause cervical cancer and other cancers. It is recommended for both boys and girls prior to sexual activity, usually between the ages of nine and fifteen. The most widely known vaccines are Gardasil and Cervarix. Gardasil protects against HPV types 6, 11, 16, and 18, which are responsible for most cases of genital warts and cervical cancer, while Gardasil 9 adds protection against five additional high-risk HPV types. Cervarix protects against HPV types 16 and 18. For maximum efficacy, it is important that the vaccination occurs before any HPV infection has taken place, and it is recommended for all sexes due to the manner HPV is transmitted.
Using condoms during sexual intercourse can also help prevent HPV infection, and regular Pap testing is crucial for detecting and treating abnormal cells early to prevent cervical cancer progression. Although the vaccine is highly effective, it does not protect against all oncogenic HPV types and is most effective when administered before becoming sexually active. Moreover, because of the high cost associated with vaccine manufacturing, access to the HPV vaccine can be limited in some regions.