Final answer:
A manometer is a U-shaped device used to measure gas pressure by observing the difference in fluid levels within its arms. Closed-end manometers provide direct gas pressure readings, whereas open-end manometers take atmospheric pressure into account when determining gas pressure.
Step-by-step explanation:
The concept of the question revolves around the use of manometers to measure gas pressure. Manometers are devices that consist of a U-shaped tube filled with a fluid, typically mercury or water, and are used to determine pressure differences by measuring fluid levels within the tube.
An important principle underpinning the function of manometers is that the pressure due to the weight of a fluid is given by the equation P = hρg, where P represents pressure, h is the height of the fluid column, ρ (rho) is the density of the fluid, and g is the acceleration due to gravity.
There are two types of manometers mentioned in the question: closed-end manometers and open-end manometers. Closed-end manometers have one side of the U-tube closed and the gas pressure is indicated by the difference in mercury levels between the two arms. Open-end manometers have both sides open to the atmosphere, or one side open and the other connected to the gas chamber. The pressure of the gas is determined by the atmospheric pressure and the height difference between the liquid levels.