Final answer:
Before the Renaissance, European society was characterized by the feudal system, increasing ruralization, and a strong influence of religious institutions, particularly the Latin Church.
Step-by-step explanation:
European society before the Renaissance experienced significant transformations following the fall of the Roman Empire. With the foundational structures of Roman authority gone, there were characteristics that defined the early and high Middle Ages:
- Feudal System: This was a key socio-political structure where lords granted land in exchange for military service and protection. The feudal system established a hierarchy with the king at the top, followed by powerful lords, knights, and peasants at the bottom.
- Ruralization: Cities decayed, and Europe turned increasingly rural. The decline in travel and trade was significant due to the absence of a strong central state to maintain roads and security. Nevertheless, rural life was organized with manorialism, which defined the social and economic framework.
- Religious Influence: The Latin Church became a central institution, influencing not only spiritual life but also education and politics. Despite the loss of Latin scholarship, religion was a unifying cultural trait during these times.
These characteristics of medieval European society highlight the transformation from Roman urban culture to a more fragmented and predominantly rural medieval lifestyle, with new forms of governance, social organization, and a profound influence of the Church.