Final answer:
Common moral agreement or ethical universalism leads to concepts like universal law formulation, utilitarianism, and virtue ethics, all of which propose the existence of some universal moral standards despite cultural differences.
Step-by-step explanation:
The question revolves around the concept that common moral agreement about right and wrong actions, also known as ethical universalism, gives rise to a number of philosophical ideas. One such concept is universal law formulation, a rational method of devising moral laws that suggests a moral law must be applied universally to the whole of society.
Another concept stemming from the idea of ethical universalism is utilitarianism, a type of consequentialism that focuses on outcomes and promotes actions that maximize happiness or well-being for the greatest number of people. Furthermore, virtue ethics plays a role in this context, being a character-centered approach to morality, where right action is said to flow from right character.
These ethical frameworks are influenced by the understanding that despite cultural differences, there might exist some universal moral standards. Evidence of such standards could be the general agreement across various cultures that unjustified killing is wrong, even though there might be differences in the specifics of what constitutes a justification. This universal accord on certain ethical principles supports the existence of ethical universalism.