Final answer:
The question involves solving for the acceleration and tension in a two-block system connected by a massless string and frictionless pulley, using Newton's second law of motion.
Step-by-step explanation:
The student's question relates to a classic physics problem involving two blocks connected by a massless string and a frictionless pulley. This setup is commonly referred to as an Atwood's machine.
To solve the problems such as finding the acceleration of the system and the tension in the string, one must apply Newton's second law of motion to each mass separately and then solve the resulting equations simultaneously.
Examples given in the question highlight various scenarios where these principles can be applied to find different physical quantities such as acceleration, tension, and speed after a certain distance traveled.