Final answer:
To determine the average normal stress at points d and e, calculate the force applied and divide it by the cross-sectional area at those points. At point d, the stress is 30,507.9 kPa and at point e, the stress is 10,169.3 kPa. To represent the stress on a volume element at each point, draw a diagram with arrows indicating the stress.
Step-by-step explanation:
To determine the average normal stress at points d and e, we need to calculate the force applied at each point and divide it by the cross-sectional area at those points.
- At point d, the force applied is 60 kn. The cross-sectional area can be calculated using the formula A = πr^2, where r is the radius. Given that the diameter is 5.0 cm, the radius is 2.5 cm or 0.025 m. Therefore, A = π(0.025)^2 = 0.0019625 m². The average normal stress at point d is given by the formula stress = force/area, so stress = 60 kn/0.0019625 m² = 30507.9 kPa.
- At point e, the force applied is 20 kn. Using the same formula as above, the cross-sectional area at point e is A = π(0.025)^2 = 0.0019625 m². The average normal stress at point e is stress = 20 kn/0.0019625 m² = 10169.3 kPa.
To represent the stress on a volume element located at each point, we can draw a diagram showing a small 3D cube-like structure at each point with arrows indicating the stress being applied.