Final answer:
The term for when one party files a suit against another for a court to hear the case is a lawsuit option (2), which is part of the litigation process. The initiating party is called the plaintiff, and this legal action can ultimately be part of the larger judicial system and may even reach the Supreme Court.
Step-by-step explanation:
The legal term for the action where one party wants to file a suit against another for a court to hear the case is a lawsuit. This is part of the broader process known as litigation, which involves taking legal action in court to enforce or defend a right.
The party initiating the lawsuit is called the plaintiff, and the party being sued is the defendant. In the context of the judicial system, litigation is just one way to resolve disputes; others include mediation and arbitration. However, when an interest group wishes to influence public policy, it may litigate or make the subject of a lawsuit through the judicial branch.
The process can result in a trial or potentially reach the Supreme Court if a writ of certiorari is granted – this is a different process than an appeal, which is specifically a request to a higher court to review the decision of a lower court.