Final Answer:
The given reactions are examples of 1) general acid/base catalysis, where the presence of acids or bases facilitates the reaction by donating or accepting protons.
Step-by-step explanation:
In general acid/base catalysis, a reaction is facilitated by the presence of an acid or a base that donates or accepts protons, respectively. This catalytic mechanism involves the transient formation of intermediates where the acid or base plays a crucial role in facilitating the reaction. In these reactions, the involvement of protons from acids or bases is evident in the catalytic process.
For instance, consider the reaction A + B → C, where B acts as a base. The base, denoted as B, abstracts a proton (H+) from reactant A, forming an intermediate AB^- with enhanced reactivity. This intermediate undergoes further reactions leading to the formation of the final product C. The catalytic role of the base is crucial in enhancing the reaction rate, and this exemplifies general acid/base catalysis.
Moreover, general acid/base catalysis is often characterized by the presence of a specific amino acid residue in enzymes. For instance, in enzyme-catalyzed reactions, amino acid side chains may act as proton donors or acceptors, facilitating the catalytic process. This aligns with the concept of general acid/base catalysis, where specific functional groups play a pivotal role in the catalytic mechanism.