Final answer:
The separatory funnel is used for washes and extractions, separating immiscible liquids by density differences after shaking and settling, with liquid-liquid extraction being a primary application.
Step-by-step explanation:
The techniques that use a separatory funnel to separate liquid are washes and extractions. In a separatory funnel, two immiscible liquids with different densities are combined. The substances within the liquid are distributed based on their solubility in each phase, a concept which is related to the partition coefficient. After the mixture is shaken and allowed to settle, the layers of liquid will separate due to density differences. The denser liquid can then be drained off from the bottom, effectively separating the liquids.
Liquid-liquid extraction is one of the most important applications of a separatory funnel. If the distribution ratio favors one of the phases insufficiently, multiple extractions may be required to achieve desired purity. Techniques such as distillation and filtration also rely on physical properties to separate mixtures, but they are not associated with the use of a separatory funnel. Instead, distillation uses differences in volatility, while filtration relies on the ability of a substance to pass through a filter media.