Final answer:
Decreased renal output, associated with conditions like oliguric acute kidney disease, end-stage chronic renal disease, and glucocorticoid excess, can lead to complications such as hyponatremia and metabolic acidosis. Chronic kidney disease also notably increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, resulting in poorer health outcomes.
Step-by-step explanation:
Decreased renal output can be caused by various medical conditions, resulting in significant health issues. Conditions contributing to the decreased renal output include oliguric acute kidney disease, end-stage chronic renal disease, and glucocorticoid excess, all of which can lead to various complications, including hyponatremia, extracellular fluid volume (ECV) excess, and metabolic acidosis. Hyponatremia, which is a lower-than-normal sodium level in the blood, can occur due to numerous factors. It can result from conditions causing excessive water intake or from diseases such as diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, or chronic renal disease.
In chronic renal disease when acidosis is present, sodium depletion occurs not only due to poor tubular reabsorption but also as a result of the loss of sodium used in buffering acids. Metabolic acidosis can also occur due to the accumulation of sulfates, phosphates, and uric acid, causing potential alterations in enzyme activity and increased excitability of cardiac and neuronal membranes. Furthermore, chronic kidney disease significantly increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases, partly due to harmful effects such as accelerated atherosclerosis. Consequently, individuals with chronic kidney disease who develop cardiovascular disease have a poorer prognosis compared with individuals having cardiovascular disease alone.