Final Answer:
Hyperphosphatemia (includes end-stage renal disease) is called Hypocalcemia.
The correct option is C.
Step-by-step explanation:
Hypocalcemia refers to a condition where the concentration of calcium ions (Ca2+) in the extracellular fluid (ECF) is lower than normal. Several factors can contribute to the shift of Ca2+ from the ECF to bone or inactive forms:
1. Hypoparathyroidism: In this condition, there is a deficiency of parathyroid hormone (PTH), which plays a crucial role in regulating calcium levels. Reduced PTH levels lead to decreased calcium reabsorption from the bones, contributing to hypocalcemia.
2. Rapid administration of citrated blood: Citrate binds to calcium and can cause a temporary decrease in ionized calcium levels in the blood. This can result in the shift of calcium into the bone or inactive forms, leading to hypocalcemia.
3. Hypoalbuminemia: Since a significant portion of calcium in the blood is bound to albumin, a decrease in albumin levels (hypoalbuminemia) can reduce the total calcium concentration. This may contribute to the shift of calcium into bone or inactive forms, exacerbating hypocalcemia.
4. Alkalosis: An alkaline environment can enhance the binding of calcium to proteins, reducing the ionized calcium levels. This alkalosis-induced decrease in ionized calcium can lead to the shift of calcium into bone or inactive forms.
5. Hyperphosphatemia (includes end-stage renal disease): Elevated phosphate levels can lead to the formation of calcium-phosphate complexes, reducing the ionized calcium concentration and promoting the shift of calcium into bone or inactive forms.
In summary, hypocalcemia can result from various conditions that influence the balance of calcium in the extracellular fluid, leading to a shift of calcium into bone or inactive forms. Understanding the underlying causes and mechanisms is crucial for effective management and treatment of hypocalcemia.
The correct option is C.