Final answer:
The action taken by a subject over an object is called an operation. It entails specific actions like reading or editing. Sovereign typically refers to the highest form of political power, symbolizing ultimate authority.
Step-by-step explanation:
The action that is taken by a subject over an object in the context of computing and access control systems is called a(n) operation. This typically refers to the execution of a specific action on a resource or object, such as reading, writing, editing, or deleting. For instance, when a user (subject) wants to open a file (object), the action of opening is the operation.
In relation to the second part of the question about the highest form of political power, the term sovereign typically refers to the ultimate authority in a political context. The sovereign could be a supreme ruler, or in a democratic context, the collective body of the people who possess the ultimate authority to make decisions.