Final answer:
The release of TNF-α within a local area causes increased blood flow, increased vascular permeability, edema, and blood clot formation.
Step-by-step explanation:
The release of TNF-α within a local area causes several effects. One of the major consequences is increased blood flow. TNF-α acts as a vasodilator, causing the widening of blood vessels, which leads to redness and heat in the affected area. Additionally, TNF-α and other inflammatory mediators increase the permeability of the endothelium lining the local blood vessels, allowing neutrophils, macrophages, and fluid to move from the blood into the interstitial tissue spaces. This increased vascular permeability causes edema or swelling associated with inflammation. Lastly, the release of TNF-α can also lead to the formation of blood clots, which can have serious consequences.