Final answer:
Multiparity, maternal age, and prior uterine surgery are factors that contribute to abnormal placentation, such as placenta previa.
Step-by-step explanation:
Abnormal placentation, such as placenta previa, can be caused by multiple factors. These factors include:
- Multiparity: Having multiple pregnancies increases the risk of abnormal placentation.
- Maternal age: Advanced maternal age (usually defined as 35 years or older) is associated with a higher risk of abnormal placentation.
- Prior uterine surgery: Previous surgeries involving the uterus can disrupt the normal structure and function of the uterus, increasing the risk of abnormal placentation.
Therefore, the correct answer is d) All of the above as all the listed factors contribute to abnormal placentation.