Final answer:
The predisposing factors to placenta abruption include maternal age over 35, multiparity, and smoking, with all of them being associated with an increased risk. Hence, the answer is d) All of the above.
Step-by-step explanation:
Predisposing Factors to Placenta Abruption
The predisposing factors to placenta abruption include a variety of conditions and behaviors. Some of these factors are:
- Maternal age over 35, as advanced maternal age increases the risk of various pregnancy complications.
- Multiparity, which refers to having given birth two or more times, and increases the physical stress on reproductive structures.
- Smoking, which can interfere with the normal function of the placenta and increase the risk of its abruption. This is due to the fact that smoking induces competitive binding of carbon monoxide with hemoglobin and introduces harmful biological components that can affect the placental environment.
All of the above factors—maternal age over 35, multiparity, and smoking—are associated with an increased risk of placenta abruption. Therefore, the correct answer to the student's question is d) All of the above.