Final Answer:
The maternal infections which are associated with abortion are d) All of the above. Therefore the correct option is d). All of the above.
Step-by-step explanation:
Maternal infections associated with abortion include rubella (option a), cytomegalovirus (CMV) (option b), and toxoplasmosis (option c). These infections can pose significant risks to the developing fetus, potentially leading to spontaneous abortion or other adverse outcomes. Rubella, a viral infection, can cause congenital rubella syndrome, resulting in developmental abnormalities and increasing the risk of miscarriage. Cytomegalovirus (CMV), another viral infection, can lead to severe fetal complications, including abortion. Toxoplasmosis, caused by a parasitic infection, is associated with fetal abnormalities and can lead to miscarriage in pregnant individuals.
Understanding the association between maternal infections and abortion is crucial for prenatal care and early intervention to mitigate potential risks. All three options (a, b, c) are correct, emphasizing the comprehensive approach required to manage maternal infections during pregnancy and minimize adverse outcomes. Preventive measures, such as vaccination for rubella and adopting hygienic practices to avoid CMV and toxoplasmosis exposure, play a vital role in safeguarding maternal and fetal health.
In summary, the correct answer is option (d) - All of the above. This choice reflects the comprehensive nature of the association between maternal infections (rubella, CMV, and toxoplasmosis) and the increased risk of abortion or fetal complications, underscoring the importance of early detection and appropriate management during pregnancy. Therefore the correct option is d). All of the above.