Final answer:
The D37 Dose is a measure of cellular viability, indicating the concentration at which 63% of the target population is affected. Meanwhile, the ED-50 refers to the dose that elicits a significant response in 50% of the subjects tested, distinct from the LD50 which measures acute toxicity.
Step-by-step explanation:
The D0 (mean lethal dose) and "D37 Dose" are terms used in the field of toxicology to assess the impact of a substance on cellular viability. The D37 Dose, specifically, refers to the dose that results in a 63% decline in the number of surviving targets and, thus, is a measure of cellular viability. In contrast, the LD50 (lethal dose, 50%) refers to the amount of a chemical or pathogen that kills 50% of the test population, which serves as a standardized indicator of a substance's acute toxicity.
In this context, "Effective dose - 50%" does not mean the dose that results in 50% mortality (choice A) or 50% survival (choice B), nor does it represent a dose 50% less than the lethal dose (choice C) or 50% more than the minimal dose (choice E). Rather, the Effective dose - 50% (ED-50) is the dose that causes a significant response in 50% of the subjects (choice D). It's a critical measure in determining the potency and effectiveness of a substance in producing a desired or therapeutic effect without causing lethality.