Final answer:
The abnormality associated with mitral valve prolapse that leads to an incompetent valve and a heart murmur is mitral valve regurgitation.
Step-by-step explanation:
The specific abnormality that occurs in the context of mitral valve prolapse, resulting in the occurrence of an incompetent valve and the associated type of heart murmur is C) Mitral valve regurgitation. In mitral valve prolapse, one or more of the mitral valve cusps are forced backward into the left atrium when the heart contracts. This can happen if the chordae tendineae are damaged or broken, preventing the valve from closing properly. As a result, blood flows backward into the left atrium, a condition known as regurgitation, and when listened to with a stethoscope, this produces a heart murmur.