Final answer:
Counseling or verbal reprimand is the least severe type of sanction used for inmate discipline, classified as an informal negative sanction. The correct option is b.
Step-by-step explanation:
Of the types of sanctions used for inmate discipline by most correctional systems, the least severe is counseling or verbal reprimand. This falls under the category of informal negative sanctions, which are less formal and severe compared to formal measures such as solitary confinement, restitution, or loss of privileges.
Counseling or a verbal reprimand serves as a way to correct behavior through communication rather than through harsher penalties. It is distinguished from formal negative sanctions, which are officially recognized and enforced norm violations with more substantial consequences.
Hence, Option b is correct.