Final answer:
All aspects including understanding of drug metabolism, influence of genetic variations on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, and a test with a high positive predictive value are required for effective use of pharmacogenomics in drug therapy outcomes.
Step-by-step explanation:
To effectively use pharmacogenomics in predicting outcomes of drug therapy, several aspects need to be understood:
- An understanding of how the drug is metabolized, which involves the roles of various enzymes that might be influenced by genetic variations.
- An understanding of how genetic variation influences the drug's pharmacokinetics, as this will affect the concentration of the drug in the body over time.
- An understanding of how genetic variation influences the drug's pharmacodynamics, which relates to how the drug affects the body, including targets such as receptors or enzymes.
- A high positive predictive value for the test to ensure that when the test predicts a response, that response is actually likely to occur in the clinical setting.
Therefore, the answer to the question is E. All of the above. A comprehensive understanding of pharmacogenomics includes how genetic variations affect drug metabolism, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics, as well as having a highly reliable test with a high positive predictive value for use in clinical decision-making.