Question

Which of the following is associated with gene amplification of protooncogenes?

A Homogeneously stained regions
B Microsatellite instability
C Double minute chromosomes
D A and B
E A and C

Answer 1

Gene amplification of protooncogenes is linked to homogeneously stained regions and double minute chromosomes, both indicating multiple copies of genomic regions containing oncogenes, which can lead to cancer.

Step-by-step explanation:

The gene amplification of protooncogenes is associated with homogeneously stained regions (HSRs) and double minute chromosomes (DMs). Both of these phenomena can be observed in cells undergoing gene amplification—a process where cells gain multiple copies of a genomic region, often containing one or more oncogenes. Homogeneously stained regions are areas within chromosomes that stain uniformly and indicate the presence of amplified DNA. Meanwhile, double minute chromosomes are small, extrachromosomal fragments that also indicate gene amplification. They are not incorporated into the standard chromosomal framework, but they can be replicated and passed on to daughter cells, leading to an increase in the number of oncogene copies.