Final answer:
The three tests to confirm amniotic membrane rupture are the ferning test, nitrazine test, and ultrasound. These tests detect amniotic fluid through microscopic patterns, pH changes, and visual assessment, respectively. Ruptures may occur spontaneously or prematurely relative to labor onset.
Step-by-step explanation:
The three tests conducted to confirm a rupture of the amniotic membranes are: a) Ferning test, nitrazine test, ultrasound. The ferning test detects a fern-like pattern of amniotic fluid when observed under a microscope, indicating the presence of amniotic fluid. The nitrazine test involves using a paper strip that changes color when it comes into contact with amniotic fluid, as it has a different pH compared to normal vaginal fluid. An ultrasound can also be used to visually assess the amniotic fluid levels. Expulsion of the forewaters occurs when the amnion ruptures, commonly referred to as a woman’s ‘water breaking’.
During the process of childbirth, if the rupture of membranes precedes labor at term, it is called 'premature rupture of membranes' (PROM), and if it happens during labor, it is 'spontaneous rupture of membranes’ (SROM). The amniotic sac typically ruptures due to the excessive pressure from the fetal head entering the birth canal towards the end of the dilation stage.