Final answer:
The technique for specifically staining a particular chromosome is Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), which uses fluorescent probes to bind to specific DNA sequences on chromosomes.
Step-by-step explanation:
The technique that enables specific staining of a particular chromosome is Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). FISH uses fluorescent probes that bind only to those parts of the chromosome with a high degree of sequence complementarity. This allows researchers to locate the presence of specific DNA sequences on chromosomes and can also be used to detect and localize the presence or absence of certain DNA sequences within individual cells.
Cytogenetic mapping, for comparison, uses staining to visualize chromosomes under a microscope. G-banding, for instance, is a common cytogenetic technique where chromosomes are stained with Giemsa dye following digestion with an enzyme like trypsin. This staining results in a characteristic pattern of dark and light bands that can identify each chromosome and its structural features.