Final answer:
T. rex is characterized by features such as a long tail, fenestral openings in the skull, and clavicles. Archaeopteryx provides evidence of evolution, demonstrating the shared ancestry of dinosaurs and modern birds. Flight adaptations in birds and pterosaurs differ, reflecting their respective evolutionary paths.
Step-by-step explanation:
The correct answer to the question about the features associated with T. rex is a) Long tail, Fenestra, Clavicles. Tyrannosaurus rex had a long tail that helped balance its massive head and torso when it moved. The fenestra refers to openings in the skull that reduced weight and provided space for muscle attachments. Clavicles, or collarbones, also formed part of the skeletal structure of T. rex.
When it comes to bipedal dinosaurs with long necks, they invariably had long tails for balance. This configuration helped them to maintain their center of gravity over their hips while standing and moving.
The fossil specimen Archaeopteryx supports the evolutionary theory aspect that modern species share a common ancestor. Archaeopteryx showcases a mix of reptilian and avian features, evidencing a transitional form in the evolution of birds from dinosaurs. It had a jaw with teeth and a long bony tail, like dinosaurs, as well as feathers modified for flight, like modern birds.
The traits important to flight in birds include a high metabolism, a four-chambered heart, a lightweight but strong skeleton, and the production of hard-shelled eggs. Of note, many characteristics considered when studying avian flight, such as high metabolism and the absence of teeth, do not pertain to pterosaurs. Pterosaurs, though not dinosaurs, had adaptations uniquely suited to their mode of flight that are distinct from avian flight adaptations.