Final answer:
The answer is c) Profits, which is not one of the six areas evaluated in a formal cause-and-effect analysis; the six areas typically include People, Methods, Machines, Materials, Environment, and Measurements.
Step-by-step explanation:
The option that is NOT one of the six areas typically evaluated in a formal cause-and-effect analysis is c) Profits. The traditional areas evaluated in such an analysis, sometimes referred to as the Six Ms, are: Manpower (People), Methods, Machines, Materials, Mother Nature (Environment), and Measurements. Profits are a result or outcome of processes and not a direct factor in the analysis of causes within a system.