Final answer:
The ability to calculate the membrane potential (Vm) comes from understanding ion concentration distributions and recognizing that at equilibrium, ΔG is zero (C). The membrane potential, mainly maintained by ion pumps and channels, is critical for cellular activities such as nerve impulse conduction.
Step-by-step explanation:
Knowing the ion concentrations on both sides of the plasma membrane enables the calculation of the membrane potential (Vm), because at equilibrium, the change in free energy (ΔG) is zero. This is depicted in option C) ΔG is 0. The membrane potential is a result of the separation of charge due to the differential distribution of ions, particularly Na+, K+, and Cl-, across the cell membrane. This electrical gradient, along with the chemical concentration gradients of these ions, contributes to the electrochemical gradient, which is crucial in processes such as the conduction of electrical impulses in nerve cells. Additionally, ion pumps and channels, like the Na+/K+ pump and leakage channels, play significant roles in maintaining the resting membrane potential, often measured around -70 mV in neurons but can vary among different types of cells.