Final answer:
Ester can recalibrate or replace the instruments to avoid systematic errors and use a time-based sampling method for data collection to prevent continuous monitoring errors. She should ensure the sample size is adequate and avoid non-sampling errors by consistent calibration and maintenance of the equipment.
Step-by-step explanation:
Ester is experiencing difficulty with her continuous data collection system due to systematic errors, which are persistent discrepancies that occur because of inaccurate calibration of measuring instruments. To establish a discontinuous system without systematic error, it's essential to recalibrate or replace the existing instruments to ensure accurate measurements. Instead of continuous monitoring, Ester could employ a sampling method that involves taking measurements at set intervals, ensuring the sample size is large enough to avoid sampling errors. Furthermore, it's crucial to check for any non-sampling errors, such as defects in the measuring devices used.
An effective discontinuous system for Ester could involve using a time-based sampling where data are collected at specific time intervals. This can help minimize errors caused by constant monitoring and can be cross-validated with different methods to ensure data reliability. For example, if Ester is measuring environmental data, she could collect samples of air quality at different times of the day instead of relying on a continuous sensor that may have calibration issues.
For her data to be valid, Ester needs to avoid introducing biases through techniques like ensuring random sampling and using multiple methods for data collection. Additionally, consistent calibration and maintenance of her equipment are vital to preventing systematic errors. Lastly, Ester must review her data collection practices regularly for any discrepancies and address these promptly to maintain the integrity of her data.