Final answer:
The correct match from the given options is d. Ptolemy: geocentric theory, as Ptolemy's model placed Earth at the center of the universe.
Step-by-step explanation:
The correctly matched pair is d. Ptolemy: geocentric theory. Ptolemy, an ancient astronomer, promoted the geocentric model which placed Earth at the center of the universe. This view was later challenged by the heliocentric model proposed by Copernicus, which placed the Sun at the center. Johannes Kepler, an ardent supporter of Copernican heliocentrism, was known for his laws of planetary motion, not gravity, which was elucidated by Isaac Newton.
Nicolaus Copernicus developed the heliocentric theory, not calculus, which was formulated by both Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. Lastly, Andreas Vesalius was a pioneer in anatomy and had no direct association with the heliocentric model, which again, was championed by Nicolaus Copernicus. Therefore, only Ptolemy's association with the geocentric theory is appropriately matched in the given options.