Final answer:
The correct answer is d. task-oriented and people-oriented structures. Task-oriented characteristics refer to the specific job-related tasks, while people-oriented characteristics focus on interpersonal and management styles that value and support employees.
Step-by-step explanation:
The two broad categories of behavioral characteristics in a management context are task-oriented and people-oriented structures. The correct answer to the question is d. task-oriented and people-oriented structures.In the context of industrial and organizational psychology, task-oriented characteristics are more about the specific tasks that need to be accomplished to achieve an organizational goal. This approach details the tasks to be performed and is rooted in descriptions oriented around job responsibilities and job analysis.
On the other hand, people-oriented characteristics focus on the interpersonal and social aspects of management, such as employee relationships, motivation, leadership style, and organizational culture. A people-oriented approach looks at the type of leadership that is supportive, encourages participation, values individual team members, and emphasizes the well-being of employees.It is important to understand that both task-oriented and people-oriented approaches are essential for the overall effectiveness of management within organizations. This categorization helps in identifying and applying the right management strategies for different kinds of workplace challenges and goals.