Final answer:
The independence of an IS auditor may be impaired if they developed the application system, conducted training sessions for the users, or regularly perform system maintenance tasks.
Step-by-step explanation:
The independence of an IS auditor may be impaired in several situations:
- If the IS auditor developed the application system being reviewed, there may be a conflict of interest as the auditor may have a personal stake in the outcome of the review.
- If the IS auditor conducted training sessions for the application system users, there may be a perceived bias towards the system's effectiveness.
- If the IS auditor regularly performs system maintenance tasks, they may be too involved in the day-to-day operations to maintain objectivity.
Therefore, options a, b, and c could potentially impair the independence of the IS auditor.