Final answer:
Turn resistance exercise muscles are engaged in all of the above actions: working against a force, being repeatedly contracted, and concerted in movement. Resistance exercises use anaerobic activity to build muscle strength and size through engagement of FG fibers and muscle hypertrophy. Correct option is d. all of the above
Step-by-step explanation:
Turn resistance exercise muscles are d. all of the above; they are working against a force, repeatedly contracted, and concerted in movement. Anaerobic exercise, which includes resistance training, involves the muscles working against resistance such as the weight of a barbell. During resistance exercise, muscles experience conditions ranging from a slight to a huge increase in resistance, depending on the exercise and intensity.
Resistance exercises are essential for developing muscle strength and power, different from endurance exercises that typically involve longer, repetitive movements designed for cardiovascular health and muscle endurance. Resistance exercises engage fast glycolytic (FG) muscle fibers, promote muscle hypertrophy (increased muscle size) through the formation of additional myofibrils, and increase the thickness of muscle fibers. This is why bodybuilders and athletes commonly have large, well-defined muscles and often consume high amounts of proteins to support muscle growth.
Resistance exercise includes both isotonic and isometric contractions, which involve muscles changing length to move a load and muscles contracting without a change in length, respectively. Isotonic contractions can be either concentric, where muscles shorten during a lifting movement, or eccentric, where muscles lengthen while controlling the lowering of a weight. These contractions are fundamental to muscle building and overall fitness.