Final answer:
The Second Boer War fought from 1899 to 1902 between the Dutch-based Boers and the British ended with British victory and the annexation of the South African Republic and the Orange Free State. It led to the formation of the Union of South Africa in 1910 and the advancement of British colonial power in the region.
Step-by-step explanation:
The Second Boer War occurred between 1899 and 1902. This conflict was primarily fought between the Dutch-based Boers and the British, and was rooted in the control over South Africa's rich mineral resources, including diamonds and gold. Notably, a young Winston Churchill was captured by the Boers but managed to escape, which garnered him widespread attention and helped launch his political career in Great Britain.
The war was marked by a brutal guerrilla campaign and the use of concentration camps for Boer civilians by the British, in which thousands perished. The outcome was significant; the British emerged victorious, and this led to the South African Republic and the Orange Free State being annexed by the British Cape Colony.