Final answer:
Joan's experience of smiling when angry aligns with the definition of incongruence in Person-Centered Theory, where her internal feelings do not match her outward behavior.
Step-by-step explanation:
Joan often finds herself smiling when she is angry, which according to Person-Centered Theory (PCT), Joan is experiencing is known as incongruence. This state of incongruence refers to a discrepancy between our real and ideal selves, where one's outward behavior does not match their internal feelings or self-concept, a concept that is also linked to cognitive dissonance. In PCT, when Joan smiles despite being angry, it represents a lack of alignment between her inner feelings (anger) and outward expressions (smiling), thus indicating incongruence between how she truly feels and how she is behaving.