Final answer:
Lack of insulin leads to diabetes mellitus, characterized by hyperglycemia and symptoms such as excessive thirst, hunger, and lethargy. These symptoms correspond with option A of the student's choices regarding the acute effects caused by a lack of insulin.
Step-by-step explanation:
The lack of insulin creates a profoundly catabolic state, which has several acute effects on the body, including excessive thirst, excessive hunger, and lethargy. These symptoms are part of a condition known as diabetes mellitus, which arises when there is not enough insulin production or when the body's cells are resistant to insulin's effects, leading to high levels of blood glucose, known as hyperglycemia.
High blood glucose levels result in an increased diuresis as the kidneys attempt to excrete excess glucose, leading to dehydration due to the large amount of urine produced. Over time, this can cause damage to various organs and systems, including the nerves, eyes, kidneys, and cardiovascular system. In the acute phase, symptoms such as excessive thirst, excessive hunger, and lethargy are common, matching option A in the student's query.