Final answer:
Contraindications to ear irrigation include a perforated tympanic membrane, presence of vegetable matter, and alkaline batteries; all these can lead to further harm if irrigation is attempted.
Step-by-step explanation:
Contraindications (CI) to irrigation of foreign bodies from the ear can include a variety of conditions, such as a perforated tympanic membrane (TM), vegetable matter that can swell and cause further blockage or damage, and objects like an alkaline battery which may leak corrosive substances and cause injury. Therefore, the answer to the question is d. all of the above. Irrigation should be avoided in these circumstances due to the potential for causing more harm to the ear canal or tympanic membrane.