Final answer:
Albert Camus, a Nobel Prize-winning philosopher, wrote "The Stranger". John Locke is known for his political philosophy about the state of nature and consent of the governed. Elisabeth Kübler-Ross wrote the book outlining the five stages of grief, not listed in the options.
Step-by-step explanation:
The Nobel Prize-winning philosopher who wrote "The Stranger" is Albert Camus. Moving on to the other questions for additional context, the philosopher who argued that all people are born free in a state of nature, and that government should exist only by their consent is John Locke. Lastly, the book On Death and Dying, which outlines the five stages of grief, was written by Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, a name not mentioned in the provided options. With regards to Column B, the individuals or groups associated with significant contributions to the atomic theory or structure are Niels Bohr (A), Marie and Pierre Curie (B), the Ancient Greeks and Dalton (C), JJ Thomson (D), and Rutherford (E).