Final answer:
The principle of superposition states that in an undisturbed sequence of strata, the oldest layer is at the bottom and each successive layer above is younger. This allows for relative dating of geological and archaeological layers and artifacts. Disturbances can alter the layers, hence careful consideration is needed when applying this principle.
Step-by-step explanation:
Principle of Superposition Explained
The principle of superposition is a fundamental concept in geology that is used for relative dating of geological strata, as well as archaeological strata in some cases. It states that in an undisturbed sequence of strata, the oldest layer is at the bottom and each successive layer above is progressively younger. This principle allows geologists and archaeologists to determine the relative ages of layers and the artifacts found within them, assuming that lower strata were laid down earlier than those above.
Application in Archaeology
In archaeology, the application of the principle is often referred to as stratigraphic superposition. When artifacts are found within a stratum, or when one artifact cuts across multiple strata in a cross-cutting relationship, they are assumed to be younger than the stratum itself. This assumption is integral to creating a typological sequence of human activity over time.
Discoveries and Disturbances
While the principle is robust, disturbances such as volcanic eruptions, floods, or human activities can alter the sequence of layers. It is also important for geologists and zooarchaeologists to consider these potential disturbances when dating strata and the objects they contain.
The concept was first put forward by Nicolas Steno in the 17th century and has since been a cornerstone for dating geological features and archaeological findings.