Final answer:
The overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy in 1893 was prompted by economic interests of American businessmen in the sugar industry and political moves by the United States.
Step-by-step explanation:
The overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy in 1893 was the culmination of a series of events and actions primarily influenced by economic interests especially the sugar industry, and political maneuvers by a group of foreign businessmen and the United States military force. The Hawaiian League, consisting mainly of white American businessmen, had previously coerced King Kalākaua into signing the 'Bayonet Constitution' which significantly reduced the monarchy's power.
Fervent to maintain their economic privileges and in opposition to Queen Lili'uokalani's attempts to restore monarchial powers and protect Native Hawaiian rights, the businessmen orchestrated a coup with the support of the U.S. military. On January 17th, 1893, Queen Lili'uokalani, facing the threat posed by the U.S. Marines, surrendered her throne in the hopes of a peaceful resolution and potential reinstatement, however, the provisional government formed instead sought annexation by the United States.
This drastic shift was driven by the fear of losing political power and the favorable economic position connected with the Hawaiian sugar trade, as the United States had tariffs that would negatively impact their profits unless Hawaii was annexed. Such actions led to the eventual establishment of a provisional government led by Sanford B. Dole who was supportive of annexation, thereby sealing the fate of the Hawaiian monarchy and initiating a period where Native Hawaiians would continue to fight for their rights and a connection to their land.