Final answer:
Protein synthesis involves the ribosome binding charged tRNAs and amino acids, ensuring proper nascent protein configuration and folding. Post-translation modifications and mRNA elements like the 5' cap are fundamental for the stability and efficiency of translation.
Step-by-step explanation:
The process of protein synthesis involves complex interactions between messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and the ribosome. The intact ribosome plays a key role in this process; it binds charged tRNAs carrying amino acids, which form peptide bonds with the growing polypeptide chain. The ribosome also ensures the nascent protein does not fold improperly by maintaining the signal peptide in a configuration that is accessible for post-translational modifications and proper folding with the help of ribosome-associated chaperones like HSP70. After translation initiation, the 5' cap of the mRNA and other elements like the poly-A tail play essential roles in mRNA stability and the efficiency of translation.