Final answer:
Mutations in tRNA genes altering the anticodon can cause an amino acid to be inserted where translation should have stopped. Nonsense mutations result in stop codons leading to premature termination, while missense mutations change one amino acid for another, potentially affecting the protein's function.
Step-by-step explanation:
Mutations in tRNA genes that alter the anticodon to read a stop codon instead of a normal codon can result in the insertion of an amino acid where translation should have stopped. This type of mutation can have various consequences on protein synthesis. A nonsense mutation changes a codon that normally codes for an amino acid into a stop codon, leading to premature termination of the polypeptide chain. This can result in a truncated, often nonfunctional protein. In contrast, a missense mutation causes a different amino acid to be inserted in the place of the correct one, potentially altering the protein's function or stability. Furthermore, frameshift mutations occur due to insertions or deletions that change the reading frame of the coding sequence, altering the entire downstream amino acid sequence and typically resulting in a non-functional protein.